Polyquaternium-11
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Product Description
Polyquaternium-11, also known as Quaternium-23, is a synthetic cationic copolymer that has become a cornerstone in the personal care industry, particularly for hair conditioning. This versatile ingredient is renowned for its ability to electrostatically bind to the negatively charged surfaces of hair and skin, forming a flexible film that enhances detangling, softness, and overall manageability. Its effectiveness in providing these benefits has solidified its position as a fundamental component in hair care formulations for decades. Despite the emergence of newer polymers, Polyquaternium-11 continues to be a highly effective and widely used standard, prized for its reliable performance and compatibility in a variety of personal care products.
Synthesis Methods
Monomers
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1-Vinylpyrrolidin-2-one (N-vinylpyrrolidone): Provides the non-ionic, hydrophilic backbone
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2-(Dimethylamino)ethyl 2-methylprop-2-enoate (DMAEMA): The methacrylic ester with a tertiary amine, which is quaternized
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Diethyl Sulfate: Used as the quaternizing agent to form the cationic quaternary ammonium group
Polymerization Process
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The monomers are polymerized to form a copolymer.
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The tertiary amine groups in DMAEMA are quaternized with diethyl sulfate, introducing the sulfate counterion.
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The resulting polymer is a water-soluble, positively charged polymer with a high charge density.
Uses and Applications
Hair Care
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Shampoos: Used in conditioning shampoos to provide detangling and improved manageability
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Conditioners: Enhances softness, smoothness, and shine
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Styling Products: Reduces static and improves manageability
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Hair Styling Gels and Mousses: Provides hold and improves texture
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Leave-in Conditioners and Detangling Sprays: Eases combing and reduces breakage
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Hair Color and Bleach: Conditions and protects hair during chemical processes
Skin Care
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Moisturizers and Lotions: Improves skin feel and provides a smooth texture
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Facial Cleansers: Enhances skin conditioning and smoothness
Other Uses
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Fabric Softeners: Acts as a conditioning and antistatic agent
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Paper Processing: Used as a conditioning agent
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Microbial Fuel Cells: Enhances biofilm formation and improves anode performance (as seen in the study by the Journal of Power Sources)
Properties and Characteristics
Chemical Identity
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Synonyms: Quaternium-23, Gafquat 755N, 734
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Molecular Formula: C₁₈H₃₄N₂O₇S (represents a repeating unit or monomer component)
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Structure: A copolymer of vinylpyrrolidone (from 1-ethenylpyrrolidin-2-one) and the quaternary ammonium salt derived from 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate quaternized with diethyl sulfate.
Physical Properties
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Appearance: Clear to slightly hazy viscous liquid (typically supplied as a 20% aqueous solution)
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Charge: Cationic (positively charged), which allows it to bind to negatively charged surfaces like hair and skin
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Molecular Weight: Varies depending on polymerization conditions, typically in the range of 100,000–1,000,000 Da
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Solubility: Highly soluble in water
Chemical Properties
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Structure: A copolymer formed by quaternization of vinyl pyrrolidone (VP) and dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA), with diethyl sulfate as a complexing agent
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Charge Density: High charge density due to the presence of quaternary ammonium groups
Compatibility
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Works well with anionic surfactants but may interact with high levels of salts or certain preservatives, affecting viscosity.
pH Stability
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Effective in a pH range of 3–9, commonly used in slightly acidic formulations (pH 4–6) for hair care.
Safety and Handling
Safety Information
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Regulatory Status: Approved for use in cosmetics by regulatory bodies like the FDA (USA) and EU Cosmetics Regulation. Typically used at concentrations of 0.1–2% in formulations.
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Toxicity: Low toxicity profile when used as intended. Non-irritating to skin and eyes at typical concentrations but may cause sensitivity in rare cases.
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Environmental Impact: Biodegradability is limited due to its polymeric nature, but it is not considered bioaccumulative.
Handling Precautions
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Skin Contact: Avoid prolonged skin contact.
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Inhalation: Avoid inhalation.
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Eye Contact: May be irritating to mucous membranes and the respiratory tract.
Mechanism of Action
Cationic Nature
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Electrostatic Attraction: Binds to negatively charged keratin (hair) or skin proteins.
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Film Formation: Creates a thin, flexible film that smooths cuticles and reduces friction.
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Moisture Retention: Enhances hydration by forming a barrier that locks in moisture.
Functional Properties
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Detangling and Conditioning: Smooths the hair cuticle, reducing static friction and making hair easier to comb.
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Antistatic: The conductive polymer layer dissipates static electricity.
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Humectancy: Vinylpyrrolidone is hygroscopic, helping hair retain moisture.
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Viscosity Builder: Increases the viscosity of products in formulations.